On June 8, 2023, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed to ban all consumer uses and most industrial and commercial uses of perchloroethylene to protect public health.

Perchloroethylene, also known as tetrachloroethylene or "perc," is a colorless liquid chemical compound with a distinctive, sweet odor. It has been widely used in various industries due to its excellent solvent properties and stability.

Perchloroethylene finds application in several products and industries due to its unique properties. One of its primary uses is as a solvent in dry cleaning operations. It is commonly employed in commercial and industrial dry cleaning machines for its ability to dissolve a wide range of stains, including grease, oils, and organic compounds from fabrics. This allows for effective cleaning without causing damage to delicate clothing materials.

Furthermore, perchloroethylene is used as a solvent in other industries as well. It serves as a degreaser for metal components in automotive and manufacturing processes. Additionally, it is utilized in the production of consumer products such as adhesives, spot removers, aerosol sprays, and fabric finishes. The chemical's ability to dissolve and remove various substances makes it valuable in these applications.

Humans can come into contact with products containing perchloroethylene through multiple pathways. The most common route of exposure is inhalation, which occurs when individuals breathe in air contaminated with the chemical. Dry cleaning workers, employees in manufacturing industries, and individuals living near dry cleaning facilities may be at a higher risk of inhalation exposure. The release of perchloroethylene into the air during dry cleaning processes or its presence in industrial settings can contribute to elevated levels of the chemical in the surrounding environment.

Another possible pathway of exposure is dermal contact. Skin contact with products that contain perchloroethylene, such as spot removers or fabric finishes, can lead to absorption through the skin. This type of exposure is more common in individuals who handle such products regularly, like dry cleaning workers or those involved in manufacturing processes where perchloroethylene is used.

Exposure to perchloroethylene can have several health effects, both acute and chronic. In the short term, inhalation of high levels of perchloroethylene can cause dizziness, headache, confusion, nausea, and even unconsciousness. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations can lead to liver and kidney damage, as well as respiratory irritation. In cases of severe exposure, perchloroethylene can affect the central nervous system, leading to symptoms such as loss of coordination, tremors, and even coma.

Long-term exposure to perchloroethylene has been associated with various health concerns. Studies have suggested that occupational exposure to high levels of perchloroethylene may increase the risk of developing certain cancers, including bladder cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, it is important to note that the risk may vary depending on the duration and intensity of exposure.

To protect individuals from the potential health effects of perchloroethylene, various regulations and safety measures have been implemented. Occupational safety guidelines exist to minimize worker exposure in industries where perchloroethylene is used. These guidelines typically include measures such as proper ventilation, the use of personal protective equipment, and adherence to strict handling and storage protocols. Additionally, regulations are in place to limit the emission of perchloroethylene from dry cleaning facilities, aiming to reduce exposure levels in the surrounding communities.

Efforts have been made to develop alternative solvents and cleaning methods that are less harmful to human health and the environment. For instance, some dry cleaning businesses have transitioned to using liquid carbon dioxide or silicone-based solvents instead of perchloroethylene. These alternatives offer comparable cleaning efficacy while posing fewer risks to human health and reducing environmental impact.

In addition to industry actions, individuals can also take steps to minimize their exposure to perchloroethylene. If using products like spot removers or aerosol sprays that contain this chemical, it is important to use them in well-ventilated areas or consider using safer alternatives. Following label instructions, wearing appropriate protective gear when handling perchloroethylene-containing products, and washing hands thoroughly after contact can further reduce exposure risks.

Government agencies and health organizations play a vital role in monitoring and regulating the use of perchloroethylene. They establish guidelines and enforce regulations to protect public health and minimize the environmental impact associated with this chemical. Regular inspections of dry cleaning facilities and the implementation of emission control measures contribute to reducing perchloroethylene exposure levels and ensuring compliance with safety standards.

Perchloroethylene is a solvent widely used in various products and industries, primarily in dry cleaning operations. Exposure to perchloroethylene can occur through inhalation and dermal contact, and it poses both acute and chronic health risks. These risks include respiratory irritation, neurological symptoms, and potential long-term effects such as an increased risk of certain cancers. However, efforts are being made to find alternative solvents and cleaning methods that are less harmful. It is important for individuals and industries to adopt safety measures, follow regulations, and explore safer alternatives to reduce exposure to perchloroethylene and protect human health.